These files are just a beginning to opening a window on the women of Pima County who were\u00a0actively\u00a0involved in claiming their rights as American citizens. \u00a0Any errors are the author’s\u00a0and emphasize the need for more documentation.<\/p>\n
ANALYSIS OF THE \u00a01913 PIMA COUNTY SUFFRAGISTS<\/strong><\/p>\n To celebrate Arizona\u2019s Centennial I transcribed the 1913 Pima County Registry to create \u00a0two data bases\u2014alphabetical and chronological\u2014to assist interested researchers on the topic.\u00a0 The search began for the 589 suffragists willing to take this courageous step which entered them into the public record.\u00a0 My two year journey through the archives has uncovered a wonderful cache of stories of these women who still need to be pursued individually.<\/p>\n Step one for the original data base was to find the registrant\u2019s spouse using City Directories and Censuses, for many women had no official record in their own names.<\/p>\n Step two was to find their maiden names, date and location of birth and date and location of death.\u00a0 The Internet (Find a Grave<\/a><\/span>, Western States Marriage Index<\/a>,<\/span>\u00a0Ancestry<\/a>) and the Arizona Historical Society archives<\/a><\/span> helped fill in more back ground.\u00a0 Some are still a mystery.<\/p>\n Step three was to determine relationships that encouraged these bold women to take action.\u00a0 Not every person is a leader nor a radical, but personal experiences, networks and support groups can bring about change.\u00a0 The large number of registrants required narrowing the search to find individuals in particular family groups and organizations.\u00a0 Newspapers, obituaries and records of local organizations are full of information, but are very time consuming to pursue unless one is very focused on particular individuals.\u00a0 My particular focus began with Clara Fish<\/strong> Roberts<\/strong> because her mother Maria Wakefield Fish arrived in Tucson as the first public school teacher hired in 1873 and Clara would become a change agent in the second generation of Tucson women. I was delighted to find Clara was the first Pima County woman to register to vote on 17 March 1913.\u00a0 I portray her character to tell the community about Tucson women 1860-1920.<\/p>\n It is my hope the data base has established clues to help both family genealogy and academic research to find the average\u2014and not so average\u2014 women of Pima County to inspire the current generation to become active participants in our democracy.<\/p>\n The 1913 voter registration list gives a picture of the hardworking Arizona women who knew the value of their hard won right to exercise the elective franchise on an equal par with Arizona men.\u00a0 It is a vibrant story of the era as we uncover where they came from, where they lived in 1913, and where they moved on to.\u00a0 The economic and social pressures of the times are in evidence.\u00a0 Consider widowed milliner Mary Brink Boggs<\/strong> who was born in 1847 in New York where the first Woman\u2019s Rights Convention was called in Seneca Falls.\u00a0 At age 60 her life had helped her decide to register to vote along with her daughter Nydia Boggs.\u00a0 <\/strong>The rest of their story remains to be discovered and confirmed.<\/p>\n This data base creates a snapshot of the first three generations of Tucson women\u2014 how they shaped their community after the Gadsden Purchase established Tucson as part of the United States in 1854, the arrival of the railroad in 1880, the creation of the University of Arizona in 1885, and a half century later as supposedly equal citizens in our democracy.\u00a0 The task is a work in progress and new and corrected information is greatly appreciated.\u00a0 Contact kboardmoran@comcast.net.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n FEMALE POLITICAL FIRSTS AMONG THE FIRST\u00a0WOMEN TO REGISTER TO VOTE<\/strong><\/p>\n 1895 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0Frances Jane Pilling Warren,\u00a0<\/strong>first Arizona woman to stand for public office as Tucson Superintendent of Schools<\/p>\n 1917 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Clara Fish Roberts,<\/strong> first woman elected to Tucson School\u00a0Board<\/p>\n 1928-30 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Callie Berkley Vinson,\u00a0<\/strong>first woman elected to a major city position as Tucson city treasurer<\/p>\n Visit University of Arizona Women’s Plaza\u00a0of Honor<\/a><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0and Vinson’s obituary (18 July 1957 Tucson Daily Citizen<\/em>) for more information.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n ORIGINS OF THE 1913 SUFFRAGISTS OF PIMA COUNTY<\/strong><\/p>\n Immigrants:<\/strong> 63 out of 589 or c. 10.7%<\/p>\n Great Britain 23 (9 England, 6 Ireland, 5 Scotland, 3 Wales)<\/p>\n Germany 13<\/p>\n Canada 13<\/p>\n Mexico 6<\/p>\n France 3<\/p>\n Switzerland 2<\/p>\n Russia 1<\/p>\n Norway 1<\/p>\n Sweden 1<\/p>\n United States:<\/strong><\/p>\n The birthplaces of the greatest number indicate a family migration pattern across the world and the country.\u00a0 The regional breakdown also indicates the economic and social influences on migration.<\/p>\n California 51\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Midwest \u00a0147<\/p>\n Arizona 43 (c.13.45% of total) \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0West (including CA) \u00a066<\/p>\n Illinois 45\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 East \u00a052<\/p>\n Ohio 30\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Central \u00a049<\/p>\n Missouri 29 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0South (including KY and TN) \u00a048<\/p>\n Texas 29\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Southwest (AZ and NM) \u00a046<\/p>\n New England\u00a0 14<\/p>\n <\/p>\n APPROXIMATE AGE DISTRIBUTION\u00a0<\/strong>OF 1913 SUFFRAGISTS OF PIMA COUNTY<\/strong><\/p>\n (no birthdate clues have yet been found for 8 women who reported themselves as\u00a0 \u201cover 21\u201d)<\/p>\n Range<\/strong> 1831-1892 spans roughly three generations of Tucson women.<\/p>\n The mean birth year<\/strong> is 1875.\u00a0 I portray Clara Fish Roberts, age 35 and born in 1876,\u00a0our nation\u2019s centennial year, to represent Tucson suffragists.<\/p>\n Women alive after 1848 were surely influenced by the local Woman\u2019s Rights Convention held in Seneca Falls, NY (not widely reported) and the National Woman\u2019s Rights Conventions beginning in 1850 in Worcester, MA (widely reported).\u00a0 Clara Fish Roberts\u2019 mother Maria Wakefield Fish certainly influenced her daughter since she was born in New York in 1845.\u00a0 Registrants of 1913 like Mary Brink Boggs, Elizabeth A. Ward Rockwell (b. 1841 NY), Alice E. Peaselee (b. 1849 NY) and Hannah Frye DeLong (b. 1850 MA) probably were aware of the earlier struggles for equality. The first Tucson library over the city hall carried news of the day concerning women\u2019s issues and the Woman\u2019s Club evolved from the Reading Club in 1900.<\/p>\n The largest age group represented in the 1913 Pima County Register was women in their thirties, many of whom went on to improve their community.\u00a0 By decades:<\/p>\n Over 80\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1<\/p>\n Over 70\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 6<\/p>\n Over 60\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 40<\/p>\n Over 50\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 81<\/p>\n Over 40\u00a0 150<\/p>\n Over 30\u00a0 176<\/p>\n Over 21\u00a0 145<\/p>\n <\/p>\n APPROXIMATE\u00a0 MARITAL STATUS\u00a0<\/strong>OF 1913 SUFFRAGISTS OF PIMA COUNTY<\/strong><\/p>\n 98 SINGLE (13 unconfirmed)<\/p>\n 424 MARRIED (with living spouses)<\/p>\n 59 WIDOWED due to Apache attacks, war, accidents, sickness, old age (14 unconfirmed)<\/p>\n 5 DIVORCED (2 unconfirmed)<\/p>\n 3 UNKNOWN<\/p>\n <\/p>\n SUFFRAGISTS OF HISPANIC HERITAGE IN 1913 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>by Karen Board Moran<\/p>\n At the turn of the century Mexican Americans still made up over half of the Tucson population (54.7%), but as the population nearly tripled over the next twenty years the Hispanic population became the minority at 37%. (Sheridan, 184)\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0Mexican Americans currently are about 36% of Tucson\u2019s population. \u00a0Analysis of the 589 women who registered in 1913 shows over 3% were of Hispanic heritage.<\/p>\n Approximately 1% of the suffragists registered throughout the period the General Register was first opened in 1913 were labeled first generation Mexican American citizens born in Mexico:\u00a0\u00a0 Lupe [Guadalupe] C. Righetti Blanc, Sylvester [Sylvestre or Silvestre] Elias Salazar Gould, Rose [Rosaria] Ojeda Hilzinger, Atanacia Santa Cruz Hughes, Carolina Rivers [Cornelia A. Rivera] Ide, <\/strong>and Clotile Peyron<\/strong>.<\/p>\n All Mexicans living in the Gadsden Purchase could become American citizens when the area became a U. S. territory (1854).\u00a0 Through the efforts of Mexican-American businessmen and politicians, Tucson became a commercial center of the Southwest.\u00a0 Los Tucsonenses and their wives also had an interest in a good educational system so their children would achieve in America.\u00a0 Hispanics with Anglo spouses or fathers and newly naturalized Mexican \u00a0Americans due to their location in Gadsden Purchase or those arriving by economic choice knew the importance of the elective franchise.<\/p>\n To find the second generation Hispanic suffragists actually born in the U.S. and naturalized by their fathers, one must use their names to identify them since only those born in Mexico are noted in the 1913 register.\u00a0 While heritage data was not collected for every registrant, some who had Hispanic sounding names were investigated like Mary C. Ramirez Moss<\/strong>, whose mother was Mexican and father was Irish per 1900 Tucson Census. \u00a0Mary Agnes Shibell Brown<\/strong> has a name without any obvious clues to her Mexican mother Mercedes Sais Quiroz<\/strong> who is historically known as the eleven year old captured by Apaches in 1860 with Larcena Pennington Page in the Madera Canyon area. \u00a0According to U.S. Census records Natalie Dalton and her sister Hortense Dalton Ronstadt, Louise [Luisa] H. Smith Field, Gertrude Marquez Tellez Hallman, Erminia Blanca Roca Montoya Heney<\/strong> and Julia C. Keen<\/strong> had Mexican mothers.\u00a0 <\/strong>Both parents of Juana Martinez Merino, Refugia Martinez Newland <\/strong>and Petra Soto<\/strong> were Mexican.<\/p>\n A three generation example of Hispanic heritage suffragists would be the Sam Hughes family: Atanacia Santa Cruz<\/strong> Hughes<\/strong>, daughters Mary Hughes Dietrich<\/strong> and Lizzie Hughes Corbett<\/strong> and granddaughter Guilie Corbett Caperton<\/strong>.<\/p>\n The second generation Hispanic suffragists made up approximately 1.9% of those who registered, but additional research is needed.<\/p>\n Under the Spanish legal system Mexican women enjoyed more legal rights than their American sisters before annexation to the U.S., among them community property, custody issues, and the ability to sign contracts. (Rothschild l5)\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0 The majority of states gave men near absolute dominion over house and home.\u00a0 Women could not sue or be sued, could not be given custody of minor children, could not will or inherit property, nor could they even own property or enter into contracts.<\/p>\n Slowly frontier Arizona women gained their suffrage in area\u2019s deemed \u201cwoman\u2019s sphere\u201d.<\/p>\n Prior to the arrival of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1880, many prominent Anglo pioneers (and arriving immigrants) married Mexican wives.\u00a0 Sam Hughes is a good example.\u00a0\u00a0 Because of the scarcity of Anglo women in the 1860s and 70s, the Anglo women did not stay single for long.\u00a0 Mmes. Maria Wakefield Fish, Larcena Pennington Scott and Harriet Bolton Wasson<\/strong> are good examples.<\/p>\n Important Mexican-American kinship links helped build Tucson. In the first decade of the 20th century 135 Anglo males married Hispanic females and 64 Hispanic males married Anglo females, according to the Mexican Heritage Project of Arizona Heritage Center. (Sheridan 149)<\/span><\/p>\n The Tucson Equal Suffrage Club or Pima County Equal Suffrage League planned to engage Mexican American women in the suffrage efforts and suffrage materials were published by National American Woman\u2019s Suffrage Association in Spanish.\u00a0 Since Dr. Rose Goodrich Boido\u2019s<\/strong> husband headed La Liga Protector Latina, she probably tried to encourage La Liga to rally to the suffrage cause. Meetings were held in homes since Hispanic women tended to join auxiliaries of their husband\u2019s organizations like La Liga, Alianza Hispano-Americana or the Catholic church organizations such as La Junta, rather than form their own organizations.\u00a0 Trinidad Lopez<\/strong> [m. Gentry or Obregon?], Dolores Gallardo<\/strong> [Pedro?] and Belen B. Garcia<\/strong> [Ernest?] were La Liga officers. (Osslear 68)<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 Other community leaders were Mrs. Ines Garcia Oury<\/strong> [William] and Mrs. Juan Fernandez<\/strong> organized the Academy for Young Ladies in 1870 with the help of the Sisters of St. Joseph. (Sheridan 47)<\/span><\/p>\n Why wasn\u2019t the Hispanic turnout larger?<\/strong><\/p>\n Many Mexican immigrants who had moved to Pima County to escape political and economic turmoil kept waiting for conditions to improve so they could return to their country of birth.\u00a0 They had little or no interest in American citizenship.<\/p>\n The newly approved Arizona state constitution a major hurdle for many women of Hispanic heritage could not pass the English reading requirement.\u00a0 While many husbands spoke English while earning their livelihood, their wives usually existed within their cultural circle as evidenced in the 1910 Census Column #17\u2014 \u201cLanguage if unable to speak English”.<\/p>\n Lastly, others were not available to register for economic and family reasons even though the polls were open on Saturdays.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n SOURCES<\/strong><\/p>\n DeHaan, Amy. \u201cArizona Women argue for the vote.\u201d Journal of Arizona History (p. 375-394), 2004. \u00a0Arizona Historical Society. Tucson, Arizona.<\/p>\n Osselaer, Heidi.\u00a0 \u201cWinning Their Place: Arizona Women in Politics, 1883-1950.\u201d\u00a0 University of Arizona Press, 1 September 2011.<\/p>\n Rothschild, Mary Aickin. “A History of Arizona Women\u2019s Politics.” Women and the Arizona Political Process. Maryland: University Press of America, Inc., 1988.<\/p>\n Sheridan, Thomas E. Los Tucsonenses: The Mexican Community in Tucson, 1854-1941<\/em>. University of Arizona Press, 1992.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n FIRST PIMA COUNTY AFRICAN AMERICAN SUFFRAGISTS WHO\u00a0<\/strong>REGISTERED TO VOTE IN 1913 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>by Karen Board Moran<\/p>\n African American males were allowed to vote after passage of the 15th<\/sup> U.S. Constitutional Amendment in 1870, but like all laws females were omitted.\u00a0 Statehood imposed language restrictions, segregated schools and denied women the right of full citizenship.\u00a0 When Arizona women were allowed total suffrage by a referendum November 1912 and the registration books opened the following March, there were only seven known women of color out of 589 Pima County women registered \u2013 about 1.2%.\u00a0 Two were not registered as colored, but were identified as colored or mulatto in the U. S. Census.<\/p>\n Based on their registration dates, housemates Rosa Cote<\/strong>, a housewife, and 31 year old Bertie E. Simms<\/strong>, a domestic, boldly stood in line together to break \u201cthe color line\u201d on Saturday, April 26. \u00a0Perhaps they shared the experience of their independent decision at church the following day.\u00a0 Bertha and her parents were born in Texas and her husband Bernet was born about 1869 in Louisiana where his French parents had lived.\u00a0 The couple married about 1902. (1910 Tucson Census) \u00a0<\/span>Did they attend church and had they joined the African American Masonic organizations? Had suffrage also been a topic of discussion with their spouses, employers, neighbors and friends?<\/p>\n Bertie\u2019s husband is believed to be B. P. Simms, a cook at the Old Pueblo Club at 538 N. Stone Avenue (1910-11 City Directory)<\/span> where his colleague Harry Tidrington was the head porter (1913-4 City Directory)<\/span>.\u00a0 The Old Pueblo Club had been a bachelors\u2019 club for several years before 1907 when it incorporated as a social club for business and professional men in Tucson with sixty-nine charter members, including community leaders like Albert Steinfeld, Monte Mansfeld, Fred Fleishman, Fred Ronstadt and W. J. Corbett. (AHS MS 624)<\/span> \u00a0Perhaps Harry\u2019s wife Emma Tidringron<\/strong> and Bertie heard about the opportunity for women to register via the men her husband served.<\/p>\n The previous year Emma Tidrington\u2019s spouse had been a night watchman at Steinfeld\u2019s (1912 City Directory)<\/span> which also may have widened the couple\u2019s community awareness.\u00a0 He and his father were born in Tennessee while his mother had been born in Kentucky. Emma and her parents were all born in Kentucky.\u00a0 Their daughter Lucile was born in 1915 in Arizona.\u00a0(1930 Los Angeles Census)\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0Hurley L. Tidrington died in 1935 in Los Angeles. (CA Death Index)<\/span>\u00a0 What church did they attend?<\/p>\n Thirty-six year old Emma was about the fiftieth person to register on Wednesday, April 30\u2014the very last day of registration.\u00a0 Forty-one year old from Texas Hattie L. Bolton<\/strong>, a widowed caterer, was about 25 people ahead of her.\u00a0 Thirty-two year old from Texas Lyda Carson<\/strong>, who did washing and cooking (a maid in 1913 City Directory), was about fifteen people after Emma in line.\u00a0 Hattie was the widow of J. W. Bolton (1913 City Directory)<\/span> who had passed away in 1902 and lived with her son C. W. Bolton (1913 City Directory supported by son \u201cChrenskey \u00a0Bolten\u201d in 1900 Phoenix Census).\u00a0 John was a barber who became the first African American mail carrier in Phoenix and is buried in that city. (commons.wikimedia.org)<\/span><\/p>\n Housewives Mayme Jones<\/strong> and Lillie Washington<\/strong>, who were in their mid-thirties, registered just before the last ten people as the registrar\u2019s office closed the books until 1914.\u00a0 They were both members of the Prince Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Congregation.\u00a0 Mayme\u2019s husband Jacob \u201cJake\u201d Jones was a Pullman porter on the Southern Pacific and Lilly\u2019s husband, M. Washington, was an employee of Merchants\u2019 Caf\u00e9 and Lunch Counter at the corner of 5th<\/sup> Avenue and 10th<\/sup> Street. (1912 City Directory)\u00a0<\/span> \u00a0Jacob Jones\u2019 obituary (AZ Daily Star 16 April 1935)<\/span> states he came to Tucson in 1905 and served as a steward and trustee of the AME Church.\u00a0 From 1913-1931 he was an employee of Judge William H. Sawtelle\u2019s court.\u00a0 He also was a charter member of the West Temple Masonic Lodge #425 and a charter patron of the Beautiful star Chapter of the Order of Eastern Star #133. These colored organizations certainly networked and were bound by the Masonic mission with the white Masonic lodges and O.E.S. chapters to which many of the Anglo suffragists and their spouses belonged.<\/p>\n Lillie is believed to be the spouse of Rev. M. M. Washington who completed the building of the new AME Church.\u00a0 A Mrs. L. J. Washington is listed as the secretary of the Prince Chapel Congress in 1930. (AZ Daily Star 23 May 1930)\u00a0<\/span> This could be Lillie, or Lewis and Lorraine Washington. (1940 Tucson Census)<\/span><\/p>\n In 1900 the Black population of Tucson numbered 86 and two churches were organized: Mt. Calvary Missionary Baptist Church (1910; originally the Baptist Mission in 1900) and the AME Church (1905). (Lawson)<\/span> \u00a0In 1909, AME property was purchased at the corner of 17th and Convent where the first church was built, under the pastorate of Reverend Hughes. The cornerstone was laid by Masonic Alpha Lodge [#17] in 1910 and completed in 1912. (Prince Chapel History)<\/span><\/p>\n At this time no members of the Mt. Cavalry congregation which met then at N. 7th<\/sup> Avenue and E. 7th<\/sup> Street have been identified to connect to the 1913 suffragists.<\/p>\n In the General Register each woman gave her age, occupation, address, height and weight.\u00a0 The original research tried to find the names of spouses since usually little historic information can be found for women in their own name.\u00a0 The existing information in the data base needs to be supported by more evidence.<\/p>\n The following research information has been updated since the data posted on the website:<\/p>\n Hattie L.<\/strong> Bolton<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4\/30\/1913\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #2979\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 over 21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [caterer]; 410 N. Granada; 68\u201d and 156#; colored \u2013<\/p>\n \u201cHattie S. Bolten\u201d [cursive L is easily confused with S], b. Sep 1872 TX, parents both born in GA (perhaps freed slaves), m. 1893 to John W. Bolten, b. Mar 1867 TN where both parents were also born, lives with son Chrenskey Bolten b. May 1893 AZ 1900 Phoenix Census; widow of\u00a0 J[ohn] W. Bolton, lives with C. W. Bolton 1913 Tucson City Directory; spouse 1866-1902 findagrave.com; spouse was a barber who became the first African-American mail carrier in Phoenix, grave at 1317 W. Jefferson Street in the \u201cRosedale Cemetery\u201d section of Phoenix\u2019s historic Pioneer & Military Memorial Park http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org; Not in AZ Historical Society Clipping Notebooks nor any other 1910-1920 Tucson City Directories; more research is needed about Hattie L. Bolton.<\/p>\n Lyda<\/strong> Carson\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>4\/30\/1913\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #304832\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 32\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 washing & cooking [domestic]; 219 S. 5th<\/sup> Ave.; 65\u201d and152#; colored–<\/p>\n \u201cLidia\u201d b. Mar 1883 TX, daughter of Frank and Kittie Carson 1900 Gonzales, TX Census; 1910 San Antonio, TX Census; listed as\u00a0 a maid at 129 S. 5th<\/sup> Ave. [house number was possibly transposed] in 1913 Tucson \u00a0City \u00a0Directory; housekeeper for widowed William A . Dixon, who is also black, 1920 San Diego Census (suggesting she may have died there); more research is needed about Lyda Carson.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Rosa<\/strong> Cote<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4\/26\/1913\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #2827\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 over 21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 housewife; 302 E. 6th<\/sup> St.; 64\u201d and 160#; colored–<\/p>\n Lives at same address as Bertie Simms and registered together; may be spouse or mother of Luis Cote who is a laborer at different address 1913 Tucson City Directory; a Eugenio and Rosa P. Cote who are not listed as colored 1910 Silverbell AZ Census; more research is needed about Rosa Cote.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Mayme Jones\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>4\/30\/1913\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #3111\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>over 21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 housewife; 4 mi. E Broadway, 65\u201d and132#; race not noted on registration\u2014<\/p>\n Spouse Jacob Jones (1870-1935) buried in Evergreen Cemetery but not his wife \u201cMaymie\u201d findagrave.com; Jake Jones, Pullman porter, Southern Pacific Co., h. 2 \u00bd mi. east Tucson 1912 & 1917 Tucson City Directories; RACE NOTED as (c), h. 104 E. 5th<\/sup> Street, spouse janitor US District Court 1920 CD; \u00a0\u201cMammie\u201d NEGRO b. 1978 TX with father born in WV and mother TX, m. Jacob A. Jones, janitor, NEGRO b. 1874 TX with parents both born in TX 1920 Tucson Census; they probably married in TX; still at 104 E. 5th<\/sup> St. with spouse caretaker at Federal Building 1930 CD; raising grandson Wesley Allen Blakely, b. 1922 AZ 1930 Census; \u201cPrince Chapel Plans Congress\u201c\u00a0 reports J.A.C. Jones head of finance and arrangements committee Arizona Daily Star 23 May 1930; \u201cJones, pioneer Tucson Negro, dead\u201d b. 1871 TX, arrived in Tucson 1905, home North 1st<\/sup> Ave. and Rogers Rd., he was an employee in court of Judge William H. Sawtell 1915-1931, he was a steward and trustee of AME Church, he was a charter member West Temple Masonic Lodge \u00a0\u00a0[# 425] and a charter patron Beautiful Star Chapter Order of Easter Star [#133] (so perhaps his wife belonged to OES) ADS 16 Apr 1935; widow, h. Walker Gardner 1936 CD; both grandparents may have passed away by 1940 since granson Wesley is being raised by uncle William M. Blakely 1940C; grandson d. 1983 San Diego, CA Death Index; more research is needed about Mayme Jones.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Bertie<\/strong> Simms<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4\/26\/1913\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #2826\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 over 21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 domestic; 302 E. 6th St.; 67\u201d and 127#; colored\u2014<\/p>\n Living at same address as Rosa Cote who registered with her; \u201cBerta Simms\u201d, domestic, h. 810 E. 4th<\/sup> Street, with B. P. Simms, cook Old Pueblo Club 538 N. Stone Ave. 1910-11Tucson City Directory; \u201cBertha Sirus\u201d (looks like Sims in cursive) MULATTO, b. 1882 TX with both parents born in TX, spouse Bernet Sims MULATTO, b. 1869 Louisiana, both parents are French, m. 1902 1910 Tucson Census; Mrs. \u201cBerta\u201d Simms, domestic, h. 302 E. 6th<\/sup> St. 1913 CD; h. 78 Grossetta Ave. 1914 CD; more research is needed about Bertie Simms.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Emma B.<\/strong> Tidrington<\/strong> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4\/30\/1913\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #3014\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 over 21\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 housewife; 5 mi. E. Speedway; 64\u201d and 152#; race not noted on registration\u2014<\/p>\n Harry Tidrington night watchman at Steinfeld\u2019s, h. ranch 1912 Tucson City Directory; spouse head porter Old Pueblo Club, 149 Kennedy St. 1913 CD ;\u201dHarry L.\u201d h. 1 \u00bd mi. north of city 1914 CD; h. 515\u00a0 N. 4th <\/sup>Ave. 1917 CD; \u201cHurly L.\u201d, race noted with (c), at AZ Bank & trust, h. 531 N. 4th<\/sup> Ave 1920 CD; b. 1877 KY, NEGRO, both parents born in KY, spouse b.1878 TN with father born TN and mother b. KY, m. about 1913 per daughter Lucile A. birth 1915 AZ 1920 Tucson Census; spouse \u201cHurley Lee\u201d Tidrington WWI Draft Registration in Tucson; spouse \u201cHarley\u201d b. 1884 NEGRO 1930 Los Angeles, CA Census; spouse d. 1936 Los Angeles CA Death Index; widow b. 1881 KY has two African American lodgers 1940 Los Angeles, CA Census (suggesting she probably died there); more research is needed about Emma B. Tidrington.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Lillie Washington<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 4\/30\/1913\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 #3112\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 36\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 housewife; 629 S. 6th<\/sup> Ave.; 66\u201cand 160 #; colored\u2014<\/p>\n Member of Prince Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Congregation; M. Washington, wife \u201dLilly\u201d, employee of Merchants\u2019 Caf\u00e9 and Lunch Counter, John Latz, prop., at the corner of 5th Avenue and 10th Street, h. 297 N. Court St. 1912 Tucson City Directory; a Rev. M. M. Washington completed the building of the new AME Church Lawson; a Mrs. L. J. Washington is listed as the secretary of the Prince Chapel Congress in 1930. \u201cPrince Chapel Plans Congress,\u201c Arizona Daily Star 23 May 1930; (perhaps Lillie or L. J. may be Lewis and Lorraine Washington 1940 Tucson Census);<\/p>\n Other possible relationships: George Washington, h. 1115 E. 6th<\/sup> St. 1910-11 Tucson City Directory; maybe b. June1869 TX, spouse John [A.] Washington 1900 Galveston, TX \u00a0Census; a black George (b. 1853 AL) and Annie Washington in 1910 Tucson Census; not in 1913-14 City Directories, but at 810 N. Perry 1941 CD<\/sub>; an Arthur L. Washington, Pvt. 1 CL, 25th<\/sup> Inf. buried 1924 at Evergreen Cemetery findagrave; more\u00a0 research is needed about Lillie Washington.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The ties between women\u2019s rights and the abolition of slavery began a century before by strong minded women like Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Abby Kelley Foster and Lucy Stone.\u00a0 Following the Civil War and passage of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments which omitted gender equality, the woman suffrage associations split into two different groups over whether it was the \u201cNegro\u2019s hour\u201d or not until uniting their efforts in 1890.\u00a0 In 1912 Anna Shaw, president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, wrote to \u201cThe Crisis\u201d regarding the organization\u2019s position on the \u201ccolor line\u2019.<\/p>\n \u201c\u2026Our association does not recognize either Negro blood or white blood; what we stand for is the demand for equal political rights for women with men, and we know no distinction of race. Our whole contention is for justice to women, white and colored, and I do not think it will be possible ever to change the platform of the National Association in this respect.\u201d (DuBois 76-77)<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n Arizona Historical Society & Archives Library, Tucson.\u00a0 Ephemera File: Places-Arizona-Tucson-Churches-AME Church. Visit\u00a0ONLINE CATALOG<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n City Directories (CD).<\/p>\n DuBois, W. E. B. \u201cThe Suffering Suffragettes<\/a>.<\/span>\u201d The Crisis<\/em> Vol. 4 (June 1912).\u00a0(2012).<\/p>\n Lawson, Harry, ed.\u00a0 \u201cAfrican American Churches in Tucson.\u201d Tucson: Arizona Historical Society and African American History Internship Project, 1990.<\/p>\n Prince Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church.<\/a> \u00a0<\/span>(10\/2014).<\/p>\n Prince Hall Masonry<\/a>. \u00a0(10\/2014). \u00a0\u00a0African American Masons formed 29 Nov 1899 in Tucson, AZ Territory.\u00a0 West Temple Lodge #425 remained under TX jurisdiction rather than join Prince Hall Grand Lodge in AZ in 1920.<\/p>\n U.S. Census Records (C).<\/p>\n Yancy, James Walter. The Negro of Tucson, Past and Present.<\/em>\u00a0 Chapter 2 \u201cNegroes of Tucson, Arizona, Before 1900: Historical Development\u201d at “In the Steps of Esteban<\/a>.<\/span>” (2011).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n NATIVE AMERICAN WOMEN AND THE VOTE<\/strong><\/p>\n Pima County, Arizona has a unique blend of cultures.\u00a0 Anglos and Mexicans of both genders helped the transition from territory to statehood after the United States secured the Gadsden Purchase (1853) and became a territory the following year.\u00a0 \u201cThese cultural groups co-existed peacefully and co-operatively with the Tohono O’odham (Papago) against a common foe, the Apaches, whose hostilities against all three groups would not end until 1886 with the surrender of Geronimo.\u201d \u00a0(Soltys)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Although the indigenous population lived in the same area with Mexicans and Anglos, more research is needed regarding the history of the female Tohono O\u2019odham leaders. \u00a0One unique story to explore is that of Maria Chona<\/strong> (c. 1858-1936)\u00a0who moved to Tucson to work as a domestic for white families. \u00a0The first woman elected to the traditionally all male Papago Tribal Council in the later 1950s was Molly Saraficio Garcia<\/strong> (1910-1990). \u00a0Three of the 1913 registrants taught at the Indian Training School, known as The Escuela: Ethel Byerly<\/strong>, Minnie E. Parker<\/strong>\u00a0and Elizabeth T. Wolfe<\/strong>\u00a0(who dedicated her life’s work on the Papago Reservation from 1907-1944).\u00a0 Their mission was to Americanize the native children, but the natives of Pima County did not gain the elective franchise until 1948 long after Natives were given citizenship in 1924.<\/p>\n SOURCES<\/strong><\/p>\n Ferguson, Daniel. \u201cThe Escuela Experience: The Tucson Indian School in Perspective<\/a><\/span>\u201d, 1997 thesis.\u00a0 (2012).<\/p>\n Garcia, Molly Saraficio. Women’s Plaza<\/a>,<\/span> University of Arizona. (2014).<\/p>\n Keene, Ann T. American National Biography Online<\/a>.<\/span> “Maria Chona”.\u00a0<\/em> \u00a0<\/em>(Feb. 2000).<\/p>\n\n
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